Carbohydrates
- Body uses carbs for fuel and as building blocks
-Consist of three elements, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
-Empirical formula (CnH20)
-sugars (monosaccharides, smallest, ex glucose) and starches(polysaccharides ex: amylose), C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
-short term energy storage and structure
-Storage polysaccharides - Starch and glycogen
-Structural Polysaccharides - cellulose and Chitin
-Consist of three elements, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
-Empirical formula (CnH20)
-sugars (monosaccharides, smallest, ex glucose) and starches(polysaccharides ex: amylose), C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
-short term energy storage and structure
-Storage polysaccharides - Starch and glycogen
-Structural Polysaccharides - cellulose and Chitin
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Lipids
Fats - constructed from glycerol (alcohol with 3 C) and fatty acid (long C skeleton)
long term energy and insulation, no polymers
3 main groups
Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol
saturated- solid at room temp
unsaturated - liquid at room temp, double bond causing kink
Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids linked to glycerol and phosphate group, (negative charge), make up cell membrane both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Steroids: hormones and cholesterol, four fused rings
long term energy and insulation, no polymers
3 main groups
Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol
saturated- solid at room temp
unsaturated - liquid at room temp, double bond causing kink
Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids linked to glycerol and phosphate group, (negative charge), make up cell membrane both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Steroids: hormones and cholesterol, four fused rings
Proteins
Proteins are complex macro molecules that have many functions within the body including
-Growth and Repair
- Signaling from one cell to another
-Regulation: Hormones such as insulin lower blood sugar
-Enzymatic activity: Catylizing chemical reactions
-Movement: Actin and Myosin are protein fibers responsible for muscle contractions
-most important protein = enzyme (regulates metabolism by activating a catalyst -speed reactions)
-proteins are polymers of amino acids are polypeptides
-Amino acids are organic molecules (both carboxyl & amino groups)
-covalent bond called a peptide bond
-levels of a protein structure
1. primary- unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary - coiled or fold alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
3. Tertiary - hydrophobic fold inside, disulphide bridges created
4. Quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains aggregated together
-Denaturation- pH, Salt concentration, temp may unravel protein from native formation,
-Chaperonins -assist in the proper folding of other proteins,
-Growth and Repair
- Signaling from one cell to another
-Regulation: Hormones such as insulin lower blood sugar
-Enzymatic activity: Catylizing chemical reactions
-Movement: Actin and Myosin are protein fibers responsible for muscle contractions
-most important protein = enzyme (regulates metabolism by activating a catalyst -speed reactions)
-proteins are polymers of amino acids are polypeptides
-Amino acids are organic molecules (both carboxyl & amino groups)
-covalent bond called a peptide bond
-levels of a protein structure
1. primary- unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary - coiled or fold alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
3. Tertiary - hydrophobic fold inside, disulphide bridges created
4. Quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains aggregated together
-Denaturation- pH, Salt concentration, temp may unravel protein from native formation,
-Chaperonins -assist in the proper folding of other proteins,
Nucleic Acids
two types, DNA & RNA
information storage, made from C, H, O, N, P
nucleic acid are polymers of nucleotides, called polynucleotides,
nucleotides - composed of nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate group
Pyrimidine - single ring, C, T and U
Purines - double rings, A and G
pentose connected to nitrogenous base is ribose
DNA - genetic info, double helix, antiparallel
information storage, made from C, H, O, N, P
nucleic acid are polymers of nucleotides, called polynucleotides,
nucleotides - composed of nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate group
Pyrimidine - single ring, C, T and U
Purines - double rings, A and G
pentose connected to nitrogenous base is ribose
DNA - genetic info, double helix, antiparallel