Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane - Confines the cytoplasm controls what goes in and out, small size is good made up of a phosolipid bilayer (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
Nucleus - Double layer houses nucleoplasm DNA and nucleoli, nucleus makes ribososomes connected to RER *Controls cell behavior *
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) - Transports protein, attached to nucleus ribosome’s attached, ribisomes are made there and then transported to the Golgi Body
SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - Makes lipids and detoxifies poisons
Ribosome’s - Attached to RER and floating in cytoplasm, protein synthesis (to make protein)
Golgi Body - Made from flattened sacs of cell membrane, receives and processes and exports proteins via vesicles
Vesicles - Transports the substances around, vehicles
Vacuoles - Storage center for waste
Mitochondria - Power house of the cell, converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP) cellular respiration ) 02+ C6 H12 O6 ®H20 + CO2+ ATP
Chloroplast -Photosynthesis *found in plants only* Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) light ® glucose ® ATP photosynthesis CO2 +H20®O2+ C6 H12 06
Flagella - Extra cellular structure move cells (sperm)
Cilia -Moves things past cells
Centrioles - *Only in animals* helps organize spindle fibers during mitosis
Cytoskeleton - Shapes and supports the cell moves things
Microtubules- hollow tubes making up cilia, flagella and spindle fibbers
Microfilaments- assembled from actin, support and shape cell
Intermediate filaments - anchoring the cell and reinforcing cell shape
Lysosome’s -Sac of hydrolytics enzymes acts suicides (kills anything not needed of broken)
Peroxisomes- Transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell
Central Vacuoles - Regulate support and structure filled with water *only in plant cell*
Cell Wall - Structural support for the plant to stand *only in plant cell*
Nucleus - Double layer houses nucleoplasm DNA and nucleoli, nucleus makes ribososomes connected to RER *Controls cell behavior *
RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) - Transports protein, attached to nucleus ribosome’s attached, ribisomes are made there and then transported to the Golgi Body
SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) - Makes lipids and detoxifies poisons
Ribosome’s - Attached to RER and floating in cytoplasm, protein synthesis (to make protein)
Golgi Body - Made from flattened sacs of cell membrane, receives and processes and exports proteins via vesicles
Vesicles - Transports the substances around, vehicles
Vacuoles - Storage center for waste
Mitochondria - Power house of the cell, converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP) cellular respiration ) 02+ C6 H12 O6 ®H20 + CO2+ ATP
Chloroplast -Photosynthesis *found in plants only* Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) light ® glucose ® ATP photosynthesis CO2 +H20®O2+ C6 H12 06
Flagella - Extra cellular structure move cells (sperm)
Cilia -Moves things past cells
Centrioles - *Only in animals* helps organize spindle fibers during mitosis
Cytoskeleton - Shapes and supports the cell moves things
Microtubules- hollow tubes making up cilia, flagella and spindle fibbers
Microfilaments- assembled from actin, support and shape cell
Intermediate filaments - anchoring the cell and reinforcing cell shape
Lysosome’s -Sac of hydrolytics enzymes acts suicides (kills anything not needed of broken)
Peroxisomes- Transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell
Central Vacuoles - Regulate support and structure filled with water *only in plant cell*
Cell Wall - Structural support for the plant to stand *only in plant cell*
Prokaryotic Cells
- DNA coiled into a nucleoid region
- Have a complex cell wall
- Outer coat called a capsule (for further protection)
- Pili attach prokaryotes to surfaces
- Flagella propel cell through liquid environments
- Plasma membrane- selectivley permeable membrane that regulates the traffic that enters the cell
Energy-Converting Organelles
Chloroplast- present in plants and some protested, converting solar energy to chemical energy in sugars
Mitochondria - carry out cellular respiration, using the energy in food to make ATP for cellular work
Mitochondria - carry out cellular respiration, using the energy in food to make ATP for cellular work
pH
The pH scale measures the acidity and the alkalinity of a certain substance. The scale runs from 0 to 14. 7 is neutral, which is what water generally is, 0 is more acidic and 14 is more basic. Acid solutions have more hydrogen ions and fewer hydroxide ions, and basic solutions have more hydroxide ions and fewer hydrogen ions. The internal pH of most living things is close to 7. Changes to the pH of an organism can be harmful so therefor there are"buffers" which are substances that resist changes to pH. it works by either absorbing or giving of hydrogen ions when needed.
Properties of Water
1) cohesion- due to H bonding, transports water against gravity, bonded to neighbours
Adhesion - clinging one substance to another
Surface Tension - how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid (H bonds)
2) Moderation of Temps - absorbing heat and releasing heat (high kinetic energy to break H bonds)
Kinetic Energy -motion
Heat- total amount of kinetic energy
Temp - average kinetic energy
Specific Heat- heat that must be absorbed or lost to change 1 g to 1 Celsius
Heat of Vaporization - heat to change a 1 g into a gaseous state
Evaporative Cooling - “Hottest” molecules leave at a gaseous, leaving us cooler
3) Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
molecules packed less tight when solid, air gaps, ice floats, (h bonds keeps distance 10% less dense)
4) Solvent of life -
solution- mix two or more substances
Solvent- dissolving agent
Solute- substance that is disolved
Aqueous Solution- water the solvent
Hydrophilic - water loving, polar or ionic
Hydrophobic- water fear, nonionic and non polar
Adhesion - clinging one substance to another
Surface Tension - how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid (H bonds)
2) Moderation of Temps - absorbing heat and releasing heat (high kinetic energy to break H bonds)
Kinetic Energy -motion
Heat- total amount of kinetic energy
Temp - average kinetic energy
Specific Heat- heat that must be absorbed or lost to change 1 g to 1 Celsius
Heat of Vaporization - heat to change a 1 g into a gaseous state
Evaporative Cooling - “Hottest” molecules leave at a gaseous, leaving us cooler
3) Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
molecules packed less tight when solid, air gaps, ice floats, (h bonds keeps distance 10% less dense)
4) Solvent of life -
solution- mix two or more substances
Solvent- dissolving agent
Solute- substance that is disolved
Aqueous Solution- water the solvent
Hydrophilic - water loving, polar or ionic
Hydrophobic- water fear, nonionic and non polar